Types Of Computer Fraud, The Association It Has With A...

This essay will focus on describing three types of Computer Fraud, the association it has with a legalisation in UK and the effectiveness of each legalisations for prosecution. Each fraud mentioned are associated with the categories of fraud mentioned below. â€Å"They look upon fraud as a greater crime than theft† (Swift, 1838) Fraud is defined by Oxford English Dictionary as â€Å"the use of false representations to obtain an unjust advantage or to injure the rights or interests of another† (OED, 1956). Computers are an advanced aid for fraudsters to commit the act from great distances with the use of online resources. However, people can now use smartphones, ATM’s, credit/debit cards and emails, to commit fraud, thus, allowing easy access for individuals to perpetrate fraud or be exploited by it. A ‘Get Safe Online survey’ from the government included statistics indicating (All from Gov.uk, 2014): - 51% of 2000 occupants surveyed in Great Britain have dealt with online crime - Internet fraud has caused  £670 million lost during 2013-2014 - 47% of individuals do not know how to report computer fraud Action Fraud reports have shown (All from McGuire and Dowling, 2013): - 47,980 computer fraud cases were reported in 2012 - 39% of computer frauds reported were online shopping and auction frauds - Under 8% were reported to be computer software fraud Even though these statistics are from trusted sources, the figure may be higher for online fraud because of unreported or unknown

Essay on Microeconomic Reform in Australia Free Essays

Write an essay on Microeconomic reform in Australia including discussion on: * The meaning of the term ‘Microeconomic reform†. * Examples of recent microeconomic reform * Possible effects of microeconomic reform in the Australian economy. Microeconomic reforms (MER) are the actions to reform particular product and factor markets with the aim of raising the economy†s long term growth rate and increasing its flexibility. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay on Microeconomic Reform in Australia or any similar topic only for you Order Now It also refers to the set of policy initiatives aimed at prompting structural change in the Australian economy so that resources can flow freely from one use to another. Any barrier to the free flow of resources in response to price signals creates inefficiencies in the economy, adding to cost. MER has many aims. Firstly it is used to improve resource allocation by maximising output of scarce resources. It is also to encourage efficient operations of markets (adoption of world†s best practice) and encourage efficiencies-allocative (limited resources allocated to the most uses for its output to be maximised), technical (aims to produce at the scale where costs per unit are the lowest) and dynamic ( how firms achieve and maintain efficiency over time). Micro reforms refer to individual sectors within the economy. They work to improve inputs and outputs, and are tools of control in conjunction with macro policies (fiscal and monetary). MER works on supply side economics to improve productivity. This is done through govt. deregulation which improves efficiency, lowers tariffs, increases international competitiveness and through the reforms of the GBEs which lowers costs and increases competition (Hilmer report). In recent years there have been many examples of developments in MER. The last fifteen years of MER has been the crucial factor in improvements of the status of the economy on Australia especially the return to low inflation. In the product markets, MER has been reducing protection, and improving the competition policy through the introduction of the Trade Practices act (1974) and the Hilmer report in 1993, as a decrease in regulations mean increased competition. This led to privatisation and corporatisation of GBEs and deregulation. In Factor markets, such as the capital markets, deregulation occurred from the early 80s which included the deregulation of financial markets and float of the dollar (â€Å"83). Labour markets also went under some structural changes with the decentralisation of wage-fixing with the introduction of enterprise bargaining instead of arbitration and the end of National Wage cases in the early 90s as well as restructuring of awards. Under the Howard govt. the introduction of the WRA has brought on AWAs (individual contracts), simplification of awards and measures to reduce union power. Some deregulation has occurred through some reduction of the role of the IRC in wage fixing and industrial relations. In the public sector, the most important MER of the decade are the corporatisation and privatisation of former GBEs such as the Commonwealth Bank of Australia, Qantas, Telstra (partial)(end of monopoly in 1991 and full competition in 1997) and corporatisation of Australia Post. Taxation has gone under some changes with the introduction of capital gains tax, fringe benefits tax and the possible introduction of a GST and tax indexation (linking tax brackets to inflation rates so that individuals would not be under the influence of bracket creep due to inflation. Also income tax cuts-from 60% to 47%-provide incentives to work and increase output. Welfare has also been under the influence of MERs through tightening of old age pensions and benefits through the incomes and assets test as well as the introduction of the ‘Work for the Dole† scheme. The main reason for MER is to improve the over all performance of economic activity. MER must help to achieve govt. objectives as the failure of macroeconomic policy means it cannot do the job alone. It attempts to override and supplement macro by improving dynamism of productivity, efficiency and raising national income. It aims to improve the ability to absorb displaced workers and make the economy less inflation prone. Another reason for MER is to ensure efficiency for sustainable economic growth and improved living standards. The three main types of efficiency are allocative, technical and dynamic and are prerequisites for possible economic growth. Allocative efficiency is when prices reflect costs. It is the production of combination of goods and services which yields maximum efficiency. Technical efficiency involves the production of g+s at minimum average costs. This is done through the acquisition of capital and the right number of labour employed to produce at maximum efficiency without the Law of Diminishing returns kicking in, or excessive RULC. Another reason for MER is to improve competition. It puts pressure on firms to increase technical efficiency and to pass on the benefits of the improved technical efficiency in the form of lower prices to consumers. In turn, competition will improve allocative efficiency, which means resources will be allocated only to the areas which reflect consumer demand and push price down to long run average costs. The pattern is like a set of dominos, reduced allocation of resources will increase competition which puts pressure to lower prices and improve resource allocation, which in turn will increase national income and living standards. A proof of its success is the dramatic decrease of inflation in Australia from the 70s (10%) to the 80s (8%) to the 90s (2.5%). MER has many possible effects in the Australian economy, both beneficial and costing. The main advantages lie in the fact that MER increases national income by increasing national productivity and increases competition in product and factor markets. It allows easier macro management by increased competition means that less regulation make firms more flexible and dynamic and capable to respond to unfavorable shocks. More competition is encouraged by deregulation, lowering of tariffs to expose local firms to competition and deregulation of the labour market so that it is free to move to where it is most productive. The promotion of competition will hold down prices, and excessive wage rises an therefore inflation (between the RBA target of 2%-3%- currently at 1.6%). In the long run the level of real GDP will rise, more wants are being satisfied and living standards will rise. However, as always there are also costs. These include short term costs, as there is a time delay between the implementation of the short term costs for the long term (higher national income and full employment ) to kick in. Income distribution also is a victim of MER (labour market deregulation) as it favorises income distribution in favour of the rich. The answer is to supplement the distribution with re-distributive measures in the budget. MER can also conflict with other policies such a macro policies, for example in cases where short term rises in unemployment add to the budget deficit. Many say that the aim of MER is to rise competition and therefore reduce the CAD but this cant happen. This is because the increase in national income unfortunately doesn†t increase the level of national savings but of spending because of higher wages and purchasing power. Therefore the Exchange rate will appreciate and the CAD will tend to worsen. How to cite Essay on Microeconomic Reform in Australia, Essay examples

Hebrew And Greek Beliefs On Gods And free essay sample

The Begining Of The Human Race Essay, Research Paper Hebrew and Greek beliefs on Gods and the beginning of the human race When reading the different Hagiographas of the ancient Greeks and the ancient Hebrews we see their different positions on who or what created all that is populating and their beliefs in Gods. In this paper we will look at the beginning of the Earth and the beginning of the human race in both of their positions. From reading the plants of Hesiod from the manus out of the differences between the Greek beliefs to the Hebrew beliefs about the creative activity of physical universe become evident. This is apparent in the debut of the creative activity of the Earth by Hesiod. # 8220 ; Tell how the first Gods and Earth came to be, and rivers, and the boundless sea with its ramping crestless wave, and the glimmer stars and the broad Eden above, and the Gods who were born of them, givers of good things? . We will write a custom essay sample on Hebrew And Greek Beliefs On Gods And or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These things declare to us from the beginning, ye Muses who dwell in the house of Olympus, and state me which foremost came to be? . Verily at first Chaos came to be, but following wide-bosomed Earth [ Ghea ] ? and Rros [ Love ] fairest among the deathless Gods? . From Chaos came forth Erebus and black Night ; of Night were born Aether [ the upper air ] and Day? # 8221 ; ( Hesiod ) . This reading tells us the Greeks believe that many Gods make up all that exists. The Hebrews believe that # 8220 ; In the beginning God created the Eden and the Earth # 8221 ; ( Gen. 1:1 ) . In the Hebrew Bible there is mentions to God making all that exists in six yearss # 8220 ; And on the 7th twenty-four hours God ended his work which he had made: and he rested on the 7th twenty-four hours from all his work which he had made # 8221 ; ( Gen. 2:2 ) . In the book of Genesis 1:1-31 explains how the one God created the Earth and celestial spheres with all that makes them up. The difference is the Heb rews belief was in on God whereas, the Greeks believe in many Gods. In the beginning of the human species it was related as a more sophisticated geographic expedition of the state of affairs of work forces and adult female in relation to one another and to their environment. This is apparent in the debut of the subject of a separate creative activity of adult female in Genesis 2:18-24, which, among other things, argues for the complementarity of the two sexes. The impulse to supply accounts can besides be seen in the manner the narrative is used to impute the imperfectnesss of the universe to human mistake â€Å"It is a effect of aboriginal noncompliance that the Earth yields its fruits grudgingly† ( Gen.3: 17-19 ) and â€Å"that woman’s societal place is inferior to that of adult male in† ( Gen.3: 16 ) . In the first history, the Hebrew common noun â€Å"Adam† is used, as a generic term for all human existences, irrespective of gender and Eve is non mentioned at all. In the 2nd history, Adam is created from the dust of the Earth, whereas Eve is created from Adam’s rib and given to him by God to be his married woman. In this regard the scriptural narrative of Adam and Eve differs merely in inside informations from many other myths of the ancient Greek’s. Ancient Greeks and the ancient Hebrews have different positions on who or what created all that is populating and their beliefs in Gods. In the Hebrew tradition, the interruption from mythology took a different way than it had taken among the Greeks. Here, the beginning of tenseness was non the mutual exclusiveness of myth and ground # 8211 ; as it had been with the Greeks # 8211 ; but the mutual exclusiveness of polytheism and Hebrew monotheism. Grecian minds resolved the primary tenseness of myth versus ground by placing the Godhead figures in mythology as natural elements and forces, such as the Sun and the air current. The Hebrew Bible resolved the primary tenseness of polytheism versus monotheism by concentrating on the function of a supreme God, known as Jehovah, and by minimising and extinguishing the functions of all other characters who could be considered Godhead.