Types Of Computer Fraud, The Association It Has With A...

This essay will focus on describing three types of Computer Fraud, the association it has with a legalisation in UK and the effectiveness of each legalisations for prosecution. Each fraud mentioned are associated with the categories of fraud mentioned below. â€Å"They look upon fraud as a greater crime than theft† (Swift, 1838) Fraud is defined by Oxford English Dictionary as â€Å"the use of false representations to obtain an unjust advantage or to injure the rights or interests of another† (OED, 1956). Computers are an advanced aid for fraudsters to commit the act from great distances with the use of online resources. However, people can now use smartphones, ATM’s, credit/debit cards and emails, to commit fraud, thus, allowing easy access for individuals to perpetrate fraud or be exploited by it. A ‘Get Safe Online survey’ from the government included statistics indicating (All from Gov.uk, 2014): - 51% of 2000 occupants surveyed in Great Britain have dealt with online crime - Internet fraud has caused  £670 million lost during 2013-2014 - 47% of individuals do not know how to report computer fraud Action Fraud reports have shown (All from McGuire and Dowling, 2013): - 47,980 computer fraud cases were reported in 2012 - 39% of computer frauds reported were online shopping and auction frauds - Under 8% were reported to be computer software fraud Even though these statistics are from trusted sources, the figure may be higher for online fraud because of unreported or unknown

Essay on Microeconomic Reform in Australia Free Essays

Write an essay on Microeconomic reform in Australia including discussion on: * The meaning of the term ‘Microeconomic reform†. * Examples of recent microeconomic reform * Possible effects of microeconomic reform in the Australian economy. Microeconomic reforms (MER) are the actions to reform particular product and factor markets with the aim of raising the economy†s long term growth rate and increasing its flexibility. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay on Microeconomic Reform in Australia or any similar topic only for you Order Now It also refers to the set of policy initiatives aimed at prompting structural change in the Australian economy so that resources can flow freely from one use to another. Any barrier to the free flow of resources in response to price signals creates inefficiencies in the economy, adding to cost. MER has many aims. Firstly it is used to improve resource allocation by maximising output of scarce resources. It is also to encourage efficient operations of markets (adoption of world†s best practice) and encourage efficiencies-allocative (limited resources allocated to the most uses for its output to be maximised), technical (aims to produce at the scale where costs per unit are the lowest) and dynamic ( how firms achieve and maintain efficiency over time). Micro reforms refer to individual sectors within the economy. They work to improve inputs and outputs, and are tools of control in conjunction with macro policies (fiscal and monetary). MER works on supply side economics to improve productivity. This is done through govt. deregulation which improves efficiency, lowers tariffs, increases international competitiveness and through the reforms of the GBEs which lowers costs and increases competition (Hilmer report). In recent years there have been many examples of developments in MER. The last fifteen years of MER has been the crucial factor in improvements of the status of the economy on Australia especially the return to low inflation. In the product markets, MER has been reducing protection, and improving the competition policy through the introduction of the Trade Practices act (1974) and the Hilmer report in 1993, as a decrease in regulations mean increased competition. This led to privatisation and corporatisation of GBEs and deregulation. In Factor markets, such as the capital markets, deregulation occurred from the early 80s which included the deregulation of financial markets and float of the dollar (â€Å"83). Labour markets also went under some structural changes with the decentralisation of wage-fixing with the introduction of enterprise bargaining instead of arbitration and the end of National Wage cases in the early 90s as well as restructuring of awards. Under the Howard govt. the introduction of the WRA has brought on AWAs (individual contracts), simplification of awards and measures to reduce union power. Some deregulation has occurred through some reduction of the role of the IRC in wage fixing and industrial relations. In the public sector, the most important MER of the decade are the corporatisation and privatisation of former GBEs such as the Commonwealth Bank of Australia, Qantas, Telstra (partial)(end of monopoly in 1991 and full competition in 1997) and corporatisation of Australia Post. Taxation has gone under some changes with the introduction of capital gains tax, fringe benefits tax and the possible introduction of a GST and tax indexation (linking tax brackets to inflation rates so that individuals would not be under the influence of bracket creep due to inflation. Also income tax cuts-from 60% to 47%-provide incentives to work and increase output. Welfare has also been under the influence of MERs through tightening of old age pensions and benefits through the incomes and assets test as well as the introduction of the ‘Work for the Dole† scheme. The main reason for MER is to improve the over all performance of economic activity. MER must help to achieve govt. objectives as the failure of macroeconomic policy means it cannot do the job alone. It attempts to override and supplement macro by improving dynamism of productivity, efficiency and raising national income. It aims to improve the ability to absorb displaced workers and make the economy less inflation prone. Another reason for MER is to ensure efficiency for sustainable economic growth and improved living standards. The three main types of efficiency are allocative, technical and dynamic and are prerequisites for possible economic growth. Allocative efficiency is when prices reflect costs. It is the production of combination of goods and services which yields maximum efficiency. Technical efficiency involves the production of g+s at minimum average costs. This is done through the acquisition of capital and the right number of labour employed to produce at maximum efficiency without the Law of Diminishing returns kicking in, or excessive RULC. Another reason for MER is to improve competition. It puts pressure on firms to increase technical efficiency and to pass on the benefits of the improved technical efficiency in the form of lower prices to consumers. In turn, competition will improve allocative efficiency, which means resources will be allocated only to the areas which reflect consumer demand and push price down to long run average costs. The pattern is like a set of dominos, reduced allocation of resources will increase competition which puts pressure to lower prices and improve resource allocation, which in turn will increase national income and living standards. A proof of its success is the dramatic decrease of inflation in Australia from the 70s (10%) to the 80s (8%) to the 90s (2.5%). MER has many possible effects in the Australian economy, both beneficial and costing. The main advantages lie in the fact that MER increases national income by increasing national productivity and increases competition in product and factor markets. It allows easier macro management by increased competition means that less regulation make firms more flexible and dynamic and capable to respond to unfavorable shocks. More competition is encouraged by deregulation, lowering of tariffs to expose local firms to competition and deregulation of the labour market so that it is free to move to where it is most productive. The promotion of competition will hold down prices, and excessive wage rises an therefore inflation (between the RBA target of 2%-3%- currently at 1.6%). In the long run the level of real GDP will rise, more wants are being satisfied and living standards will rise. However, as always there are also costs. These include short term costs, as there is a time delay between the implementation of the short term costs for the long term (higher national income and full employment ) to kick in. Income distribution also is a victim of MER (labour market deregulation) as it favorises income distribution in favour of the rich. The answer is to supplement the distribution with re-distributive measures in the budget. MER can also conflict with other policies such a macro policies, for example in cases where short term rises in unemployment add to the budget deficit. Many say that the aim of MER is to rise competition and therefore reduce the CAD but this cant happen. This is because the increase in national income unfortunately doesn†t increase the level of national savings but of spending because of higher wages and purchasing power. Therefore the Exchange rate will appreciate and the CAD will tend to worsen. How to cite Essay on Microeconomic Reform in Australia, Essay examples

Hebrew And Greek Beliefs On Gods And free essay sample

The Begining Of The Human Race Essay, Research Paper Hebrew and Greek beliefs on Gods and the beginning of the human race When reading the different Hagiographas of the ancient Greeks and the ancient Hebrews we see their different positions on who or what created all that is populating and their beliefs in Gods. In this paper we will look at the beginning of the Earth and the beginning of the human race in both of their positions. From reading the plants of Hesiod from the manus out of the differences between the Greek beliefs to the Hebrew beliefs about the creative activity of physical universe become evident. This is apparent in the debut of the creative activity of the Earth by Hesiod. # 8220 ; Tell how the first Gods and Earth came to be, and rivers, and the boundless sea with its ramping crestless wave, and the glimmer stars and the broad Eden above, and the Gods who were born of them, givers of good things? . We will write a custom essay sample on Hebrew And Greek Beliefs On Gods And or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These things declare to us from the beginning, ye Muses who dwell in the house of Olympus, and state me which foremost came to be? . Verily at first Chaos came to be, but following wide-bosomed Earth [ Ghea ] ? and Rros [ Love ] fairest among the deathless Gods? . From Chaos came forth Erebus and black Night ; of Night were born Aether [ the upper air ] and Day? # 8221 ; ( Hesiod ) . This reading tells us the Greeks believe that many Gods make up all that exists. The Hebrews believe that # 8220 ; In the beginning God created the Eden and the Earth # 8221 ; ( Gen. 1:1 ) . In the Hebrew Bible there is mentions to God making all that exists in six yearss # 8220 ; And on the 7th twenty-four hours God ended his work which he had made: and he rested on the 7th twenty-four hours from all his work which he had made # 8221 ; ( Gen. 2:2 ) . In the book of Genesis 1:1-31 explains how the one God created the Earth and celestial spheres with all that makes them up. The difference is the Heb rews belief was in on God whereas, the Greeks believe in many Gods. In the beginning of the human species it was related as a more sophisticated geographic expedition of the state of affairs of work forces and adult female in relation to one another and to their environment. This is apparent in the debut of the subject of a separate creative activity of adult female in Genesis 2:18-24, which, among other things, argues for the complementarity of the two sexes. The impulse to supply accounts can besides be seen in the manner the narrative is used to impute the imperfectnesss of the universe to human mistake â€Å"It is a effect of aboriginal noncompliance that the Earth yields its fruits grudgingly† ( Gen.3: 17-19 ) and â€Å"that woman’s societal place is inferior to that of adult male in† ( Gen.3: 16 ) . In the first history, the Hebrew common noun â€Å"Adam† is used, as a generic term for all human existences, irrespective of gender and Eve is non mentioned at all. In the 2nd history, Adam is created from the dust of the Earth, whereas Eve is created from Adam’s rib and given to him by God to be his married woman. In this regard the scriptural narrative of Adam and Eve differs merely in inside informations from many other myths of the ancient Greek’s. Ancient Greeks and the ancient Hebrews have different positions on who or what created all that is populating and their beliefs in Gods. In the Hebrew tradition, the interruption from mythology took a different way than it had taken among the Greeks. Here, the beginning of tenseness was non the mutual exclusiveness of myth and ground # 8211 ; as it had been with the Greeks # 8211 ; but the mutual exclusiveness of polytheism and Hebrew monotheism. Grecian minds resolved the primary tenseness of myth versus ground by placing the Godhead figures in mythology as natural elements and forces, such as the Sun and the air current. The Hebrew Bible resolved the primary tenseness of polytheism versus monotheism by concentrating on the function of a supreme God, known as Jehovah, and by minimising and extinguishing the functions of all other characters who could be considered Godhead.

Two Articles free essay sample

For this assignment, you will compose two short critical essays explaining and evaluating arguments by other authors. This assignment allows you to analyze an issue from a variety of perspectives and assess arguments for or against the issue. By focusing your attention on how the original authors use evidence and reasoning to construct and support their positions, you can recognize the value of critical thinking in public discourse. Read the two articles Predictive Probes, and New Test Tells Whom a Crippling Disease Will Hit—and When from the textbook and write two separate analytical summaries. These articles can be found in the chapter titled: Deciding to accept an argument: Compare the evidence. This assignment has two parts. Part 1—First Article Write an analytical summary of the article focusing on the article’s main claims. Include the following: †¢Identify the three ways the author uses evidence to support assertions. †¢Identify the places where evidence is employed as well as how the author uses this evidence. We will write a custom essay sample on Two Articles or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Discuss evidence as the reason vs. the support for the reason. Also discuss evidence as dependent on the issue/context. †¢Analyze how the author signals this usage through elements such as word choices, transitions, or logical connections. Part 2—Second Article Write an analytical summary of the article focusing on the article’s main claims. Include the following: †¢Identify the author’s use of the three elements: experiment, correlation, and speculation to support assertions. †¢Analyze how the author signals the use of these elements through language. For example, word choices, transitions, or logical connections. Write a 4–5-page paper in Word format. Apply APA standards to citation of sources. Use the following file naming convention: LastnameFirstInitial_M3_A2. doc. 1. What kind of evidence would you expect in the following arguments? †¢a. An argument that people who eat a special diet will have less chance of getting cancer. †¢b. An argument that God exists. †¢c. An argument that human cells secrete some substance under certain conditions. †¢d. An argument that stealing is unethical. †¢e. An argument that owning a pet tends to lower one’s blood pressure. Answers (a) evidence after the fact; (b) philosophical evidence (a general principle, for instance that the universe is orderly); (c) direct scientific experimentation; (d) philosophical evidence; (e) evidence after the fact 2. Underline the language in the following argument that you believe indicates that it does (or does not) admit its limits. It’s an obvious fact that living in the suburbs is better than city life. Everyone knows that cities are far more polluted and dangerous. And of course, people don’t even know their neighbors. On the other hand, suburbs are peaceful havens from the workaday world. READINGS The following two articles show breathtaking advances in the ability to detect whether a person will suffer from a particular genetic disease. The first article contains references to all three types of evidence discussed in this chapter. Compare the language used to depict direct experimentation, after-the-fact evidence, and values questions. Predictive probes by Jerry E. Bishop Several years ago, Nancy Wexler’s mother died of Huntington’s disease, a hereditary and always-fatal affliction that strikes in midlife. Since then, Ms. Wexler, the 38-year-old president of the Hereditary Diseases Foundation in Santa Monica, Calif. , has lived with the uncertainty of whether she, too, inherited the deadly gene. That uncertainty may soon be resolved. A few months ago, scientists announced they were on the verge of completing a new test to detect the gene for Huntington’s disease (formerly called Huntington’s chorea). But deciding whether to submit herself to the test is an anguishing choice for Ms. Wexler. â€Å"If I came out lucky, taking the test would be terrific, of course,† she says. But if I came out unlucky, well †¦Ã¢â‚¬  Her dilemma is an extreme example of the kind thousands of Americans will face in the not-too-distant future as scientists learn how to pinpoint genes that cause or predispose a person to a future illness. The test to detect the Huntington’s disease gene should be ready within one to two years. Researchers already have detected some of the gene s that can lead to premature heart attacks and, in the near future, hope to spot those that could predispose a person to breast or colon cancer. Eventually, scientists believe they will be able to detect genes leading to diabetes, depression, schizophrenia and the premature senility called Alzheimer’s disease. New Test Tells Whom a Crippling Disease Will Hit—and When Amy Jo Snider, a college senior, has put her career plans and romantic life on hold until she settles a gnawing question about her genetic legacy. During her Christmas break, the Charleston, SC, student plans to be tested for a gene that causes ataxia, a disease without a cure that destroys the brain cells governing muscle control. The disorder crippled and ultimately killed her father in middle age. Because of a recent breakthrough in genetic research, the 21-year-old Miss Snider will be able to find out whether she inherited the disease, and, if so, how soon and how hard ataxia may strike her. â€Å"I want to be tested before I start to show symptoms,† she says unflinchingly. â€Å"I’m graduating in May, and I have to start planning my life. † As agonizing as the knowledge might be, she says the uncertainty is worse. â€Å"If I’m in limbo, it’s not fair to people around me,† she says. â€Å"I can’t deal with not knowing. †

The British North America Act (BNA Act)

The British North America Act (BNA Act) The British North America Act or BNA Act created the Dominion of Canada in 1867. It is now referred to as the Constitution Act, 1867, as it is the basis of the countrys constitution. History of the BNA Act The BNA Act was drafted by Canadians at the Quebec Conference on Canadian Confederation in 1864 and passed without amendment by the British Parliament in 1867. The BNA Act was signed by Queen Victoria on March 29, 1867, and came into effect on July 1, 1867. It solidified Canada West (Ontario), Canada East (Quebec), Nova Scotia and New Brunswick as the four provinces of the confederation. The BNA Act serves as a base document for the Canadian Constitution, which is not a single document but rather a set of documents known as Constitution Acts and, just as importantly, a set of unwritten laws and conventions. The BNA Act set out the rules for the government of the new federal nation. It established a British style parliament with an elected House of Commons and an appointed Senate and set out the division of powers between the federal government and provincial governments. The written text of the division of powers in the BNA Act can be misleading, however, as case law plays a significant part in the division of powers between governments in Canada. The BNA Act Today Since the first act forming the Dominion of Canada in 1867, 19 other acts were passed, until some of them were amended or repealed by the Constitution Act, 1982. Until 1949, only the British Parliament could make amendments to the acts, but Canada assumed  full control over its constitution with the passage of the Canada Act in 1982. Also in 1982, the BNA Act was renamed the Constitution Act, 1867.

Giant Impacts on the Moon Fascinate Lunar Geologists

Giant Impacts on the Moon Fascinate Lunar Geologists The early history of the Earth-moon system was a very violent one. It came just over a billion or so years after the Sun and planets began to form. First, the Moon itself was created by the collision of a Mars-sized object with the infant Earth. Then, about 3.8 billion years ago, both worlds were bombarded by debris left over from the creation of the planets. Mars and Mercury still bear the scars from their impacts, too. On the Moon, the giant Orientale Basin remains as a silent witness to this  period, called the Late Heavy Bombardment. During that time, the Moon was pummeled with objects from space, and volcanoes flowed freely as well. The History of Orientale Basin The Orientale basin was formed by a giant impact some 3.8 billion years ago. It is what planetary scientists call a multi-ring impact basin. The rings formed as shock waves rippled across the surface as a result of the collision. The surface was heated and softened, and as it cooled, the ripple rings were frozen into place in the rock. The 3-ringed basin itself is about 930 kilometers (580 miles) across. The impact that created  Orientale played an important role in the early geologic history of the Moon. It was extremely disruptive and changed it  in several ways: fractured rock layers, the rocks melted under the heat, and the crust was shaken hard. The event blasted out material that fell back to the surface. As it did, older surface features were destroyed or covered up. The layers of ejecta help scientists determine the age of surface features. Because so many objects slammed into the young Moon, its a very complex story to figure out. GRAIL Studies Orientale The Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory (GRAIL) twin probes mapped variations in the Moons gravitational field. The data they gathered tell scientists about the interior arrangement of the Moon  and provided details for maps of the concentrations of mass. GRAIL performed close-up gravity scans of the Orientale basin to help scientists figure out the concentrations of mass in the region. What the planetary science team wanted to figure out was the size of the original impact basin. So, they searched for indications of the initial crater. It turned out that the original splashdown region was somewhere between the size of the two innermost rings surrounding the basin. There is no trace of the rim of that original crater, however. Instead, the surface rebounded (bounced up and down) after the impact, and the material that fell back to the Moon obliterated any trace of the original crater. The main impact excavated about 816,000 cubic miles of material. Thats about 153 times the volume of the Great Lakes in the U.S. It all fell back to the Moon, and along with the surface melting, pretty well wiped out the original impact crater ring. GRAIL Solves a Mystery One thing that intrigued scientists before GRAIL did its work was the lack of any interior material from the Moon that would have flowed up from beneath the surface. This would have happened as the impactor punched into the Moon and dug deep beneath the surface. It turns out that the initial crater likely collapsed very quickly, which sent material around the edges flowing and tumbling into the crater. That would have covered up any mantle rock that might have flowed up as a result of the impact. This explains why the rocks in Orientale basin have a very similar chemical make up as the other surface rocks on the Moon. The GRAIL team used the spacecrafts data to model how the rings formed around the original impact site and will continue to analyze the data to understand the details of the impact and its aftermath. The GRAIL probes were essentially gravitometers that measured minute variations of the gravitational field of the Moon as they passed over during their orbits. The more massive a region is, the greater its gravitational pull. These were the first in-depth studies of the gravitational field of the Moon. The GRAIL probes were launched in 2011 and ended their mission in 2012. The observations they made help planetary scientists understand the formation of impact basins and their multiple rings elsewhere on the Moon, and on other worlds in the solar system. Impacts have played a role throughout solar system history, affecting all planets, ​including Earth.

Masuring Health and Diseases Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Masuring Health and Diseases - Essay Example The ill effect of the drugs can also be seen in the increasing number of the criminals in jails which clearly demonstrates the association between drugs and crime. Measuring substance abuse is a significant area in the medical field. Modern science has implemented many different ways to estimate the impact of treatment on drug abuse. Farrokh Alemi & Heibatollah Baghi in their online article, Measurement of Substance Abuse Treatment Outcomes Over Time, rightly identify these ways as; â€Å"percentage of positive drug tests, probability of drug use, percentage of patients abstaining from any use, total number of days of use, daily probability use and average days till next use†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Alemi and Heibatollah). It makes clear the fact that measuring health related with substance abuse has an elite role in the diagnosis and treatment of various diseases. The journal article entitled How Science Has Revolutionized the Understanding of Drug Addiction by Nora D. Volkow illustrates the issue of drug addiction and its diagnosis. Author leads the reader to think about various health issues related with drug abuse especially among the adolescents. Measuring diseases and health deterioration is a significant area of measurement in the process of diagnosing health issues related with drug abuse. Author’s comment permits the reader to modify his/her existing knowledge about health problems related with drug abuse. In this respect one can advocate authors view; â€Å"Tobacco use killed approximately 100 million people during the 20th century and, if current smoking trends continue, the cumulative death toll for this century has been projected to reach 1 billion† (Addiction and Health). Adolescent who follow the practices of drug abuse often show the symptoms of low academic performance, early drop out of school, and unplanned pre gnancies. Severe

Paediatric Trauma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Paediatric Trauma - Essay Example Details of the case are presented in this paper as well as the proper medical management of this case base on the paramedical standard of paediatric trauma protocol and other reliable sources, utilising theories and related literatures significant in this study to convey a realistic and valid approach of management. Description of the Scene At 08:49, an accident was reported involving a 9-year-old boy, named Martin, who has been hit by a car travelling approximately 30 kilometres an hour whilst crossing the road on his bicycle. On the scene, the boy is conscious with some respiratory distress 10 minutes after the incident. His left leg appears to be deformed, more likely associated to fractured tibia, fibula, or both. A man holding the boy’s helmeted head, maintaining spinal alignment and who claimed that he is the driver of the car and a trained first aider, said that Martin complained about tightness in his chest and that he has asthma. Paediatric Trauma To start with, it is important to emphasize that the term â€Å"trauma† is being used in this study according to its medical definition as a serious or critical bodily injury, wound or shock (MedicineNet.com, 2011). Trauma is the leading cause of childhood mortality because after the age of 5 years, rapid neuromuscular development, frequent social interactions with other children, wider range of activities, and less parental supervision predisposes them to greater risk. Paediatric trauma is more difficult to handle than in adults as presented in Staheli’s (2003, pp. 105-107) ‘Pediatric Orthopaedic Secrets’ book of the contributions made by Dr. Cummings about child versus adult trauma management: Details about the child’s injury will be difficult to gather if the trauma was not witnessed by an adult; assessment is difficult to establish as children frequently resist examination. Trauma causes more death and injury in children than in adults and unintentional injury caus ing blunt trauma is more common to children. Between 30% to 70% of trauma deaths in children are due to head injury because anatomically, children’s head is larger in proportion to the body than in adults and their neck muscles are weaker, thus the cervical spine is more susceptible to injury; their skulls are thinner, and scalps are more vascular than those of adults. Children’s liver and spleen are larger relative to their size than in adults, making them prone to hemorrhage due to intra-abdominal injury. Children are more prone to hypothermia due to higher body surface-to-mass ratio, their skin is thinner and they have smaller stored fats compared to adults. Children cannot be relied on when it comes to immobilization required in fracture healing during recovery as they tend to resume normal activity (if unattended) once they do not feel pain anymore. Assessment of Paediatric Trauma At the moment the health care provider reaches the scene, it is a standard operating procedure that he/she will introduce himself/herself in the crowd while conducting the primary survey and clearing the site for potential harm. Assessment of paediatric trauma in pre-hospital setting should be done rapidly to make sure that the injured child will be transported right away to the nearest facility where in-depth assessment, management, and treatment shall be given. In the pre-hospital setting, the rapid assessment and preparation includes: (1) minimizing scene time, (2) controlling external bleeding and shock, (3) immobilization, (4) immediate transport to the closest appropriate facility, (5) obtaining information from the handover, (6) assessment for level of consciousness, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure, revised trauma score, and paediatric trauma score, (7)

Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America Essay Example for Free

Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America Essay The research gives the patient as well as the doctors and other healthcare professionals the education to be able to make the best decisions possible with treatments for each different individual as well as the support of the Government in this research. â€Å"The economics of medical product development determines how pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies establish their funding priorities. According to industry estimates, it takes an average of $800 million and 10-15 years to develop a new drug, medical device, or biologic and bring it to the market† [ (Resnick, 2003) ] Scope The overall scope of PhRMA is to do research in improving the quality of healthcare and how to do this. With the ultimate goal being patients receiving health care that is most efficient. Making sure that the research that is done is prioritized by the needs of the patients as well as society as a whole, having the research cover not only specific treatments costs and savings, but the costs of all healthcare treatments as a whole. As well as making sure that all technologies are used appropriately in all of healthcare. Design The design of PhRMA is to make sure that the research that is done is quality research. The data needs to be sufficient in nature as well as having the studies that are done show both the opportunities to improve as well as the strengths to improve upon. Making sure that the research that is done is up to date in this ever changing field so that it is providing the best results possible. The research needs to be both of a broad nature as well as a specifically direct nature, covering aspects that are important to society and the patients. Considering both economic issues and how well patients can be productive members of society, doing additional research to get patients to that point if they are not. Application PhRMA needs to make sure that the research that they are doing shows that not all patients are equal in the needs that they have medically and that if the research is not done on a personal level and done instead on a population level then the results will not show the individuals needs. In short, research that is done on a broader spectrum is only one way that can help people and the doctors to make an informed decision on care. With all of the technology that is out in the world of healthcare people needs to be informed on the other options that they may have for treatment. The government research should consider a balance in communicating the findings of its research. Giving access to peer reviewed results so that treatment decisions are well rounded before a decision is made. â€Å"Government decisions related to the funding and conduct of health outcomes research should be made through open, transparent procedures that ensure appropriate and timely involvement of stakeholders such as patients, health care professionals and medical researchers on issues such as proposed research goals, study designs and communication of study results. † [ (Resnick, 2003) ] In this communication, keeping in mind that all people can react differently to different treatments making sure to keep the needs of the patients as well as the value in mind. Discussion The article that I read was very interesting. I did not realize with the complication of research, especially with in the healthcare industry exactly how much of it really does affect the economy. Giving patients the variety in the different treatments that they receive can have a positive effect on the economy. It can over time change pricing (costs inputs), and with additional research that is constantly done on the variety of the treatments over time will help to create medical advances over time.  In the mission statement of PhRMA it states â€Å"To conduct effective advocacy for public policies that encourage discovery of important new medicines for patients by pharmaceutical and biotechnology research companies.

The Role Of The U.s. In The Third World In The Year 2000 :: essays research papers

The Role of the U.S. in the Third World in the Year 2000   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The United States budget will continue to tighten and we must better utilize our dollars spent on Third World aid. The questions of illegal immigration, the population explosion, and environmental issues will become vital to our future. With closer linkage of US aid to these issues we can get the most bang for our buck.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The best way to stop illegal immigration into the United States is not to erect higher fences at our borders, but to invest in the third world, primarily Mexico. Providing jobs at home where they enjoy life without worry about the INS is the best solution. This solution will be cheaper than increasing funding for border patrols and INS personnel. If we were able to keep most illegal immigrates home, the more impoverished they would become and the greater the incentive for them to cross the border. By investing and improving their homeland, more people would stay home, rather than take the dangerous journey to an unknown country to provide food for their families.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Slowing down population rates of third world countries must be another priority. Empowering women in third world countries, giving them independence from their husband and a choice in birth control is a start. Smaller grants similar to Foundation of the Philippine Environment can reward particular actions of foreign government, whether it be environmental, social or economic. Too many of current policies are aimed at creating markets for our commercial interests.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We must also link aid with environmental issues, making the rain forest and jungles more profitable to locals without bulldozing them. This has been demonstrated in Uganda with the mountain gorillas. Eco-tourism is helping the local economies and the national governments. This was also working in Rwanda until Civil War tore this country apart. Fortunately the mountain gorillas have been left alone for the most part, since this was their third largest income provider and the number one and two sources, coffee and tea fields were destroyed during the war.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Worldwide instant communication has improved human rights. The use of fax machines and cell telephones during the Tiananmen Square uprising informed the world of events and somewhat restrained the Chinese. Dan Rather doing the evening news from the Square while the protests were happening prevented the massacre from being ignored. The advent of CNN has put instant news into the hands of people all over the world.

World Energy Outlook Reaction Paper

Reaction Paper on World Energy Outlook The World Energy Outlook is an annual publication of the International Energy Agency. It is widely recognized as the most authoritative energy source for global energy projections and analysis. The annual publication contains long-term energy market projections, extensive statistics, analysis and advice for both governments and the energy business. The World Energy Outlook has also developed alternative scenario that puts the global energy systems on a trajectory to stabilize greenhouse gas emissions. Their latest publication was the World Energy Outlook 2012 that was released last November 2012.Here is what I have learned from the executive summary. There is a new global energy landscape that is emerging. Taking all new developments and policies into hand, our world is still failing to put the global energy system onto a more sustainable path. Global energy demand grows by more than one-third over the period of 2035 with China, India and Middle East accounting for 60% of the increase. Energy demand barely rises in the OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) countries, but there is a big movement away from oil, coal and nuclear towards natural gases and renewable energies.I have learned that despite the growth in low-carbon sources of energy, fossil fuels remain dominant in the global energy mix, supported by subsidies that amounted to $523 billion in 2011, up almost 30% on 2010 and six times more than subsidies to renewable. The cost of fossil-fuel subsides has been driven up by higher oil prices. Energy developments in the United States are profound and their effect will be felt by other nations as well. It is projected that around 2020, the United States will be the largest global oil producer and starts to see the impact of new fuel-efficiency measures in transport.This would enable a switch in direction of international oil trade towards Asia. In the publication, it is said that energy efficiency is widely recognized as a key option in the hands of policy makers but current efforts fall well short of tapping its full economic potential. It was also mentioned as well that the tackling the barriers to energy efficiency investment can unleash the potential and realize huge gains for energy security, economic growth and the environment. Successful action to this would have a major impact on the global energy and climate trends. I’ve found out in the report that natural as is the only fossil fuel for which global demand grows in all scenarios, showing that it fares well under different policy conditions. Also, coal has met nearly half of the rise in global energy demand over the last decade, growing faster even than total renewable. Whether coal demand carries on rising strongly or changes path will depend on the strength of policy measures that favor lower-emissions energy sources. Thus, the sensitivity of the changes in policy, the development of alternative fuels and t he timely availability of infrastructure create much uncertainty for international steam coal markets and prices. It was also mentioned in the publication report that the world’s demand for electricity grows twice as fast as its total energy consumption and the challenge to meet this demand is heightened by the investment needed to replace ageing power sector infrastructure. Of the new generation capacity that is built to 2035, around one-third is needed to replace plants that are retired. Half of all new capacity is based on renewable sources of energy, although coal remains the leading global fuel for power generation.Average global electricity prices increase by 15% to 2035 in real terms, driven higher by increased fuel input costs, a shift to more capital-intensive generating capacity, subsidies to renewable energies and CO2 pricing in some countries. A steady increase in hydropower and the rapid expansion of wind and solar power has paved the position of renewable energi es as an essential part of the global energy mix; by 2035, renewable energies account for almost one-third of total electricity output. Solar grows more rapidly than any other renewable technology.Renewable energies become the world’s second-largest source of power generation by 2015 and, by 2035; they approach coal as the primary source of global electricity. Despite progress in the past year, nearly 1. 3 billion people globally remain without access to electricity. Further, water is essential to energy production which includes: power generation; extraction, transport and processing of oil, gas and coal; and irrigation for crops used to produce bio-fuels. Also, water is growing in importance as a criterion for assessing the viability of energy projects, as population and economic growth intensify competition for water resources.Thus, managing the energy sector’s water vulnerabilities will require deployment of better technology and greater integration of energy and w ater policies. In summary, the outlook for global energy is not just a matter for energy companies, but it is an issue for all of us. The global outlook expects global CO2 emissions to continue as population and demand for energy grows rapidly. Powerful long run trends continue to shape the modern energy economy: industrialization, urbanization and motorization.These trends are associated with increasing quantities of energy consumption, increasing efficiency of energy use in production and consumption, increasing diversification of sources of energy, and increasing demand for clean and convenient energy. Also, the global fuel mix continues to diversify and non-fossil fuels will tend to be a major source of supply growth. The contribution of renewable energies will also tend to grow in the global fuel mix. With these in line, energy policy makers and energy development organizations must continue to work together and implement regulations for the betterment of our environment for fu ture generations. References: 1. World Energy Outlook. Wikipedia. http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/World_Energy_ Outlook. (Accessed February 2013). 2. World Energy Outlook 2012 Executive Summary. International Energy Agency. World Energy Outlook Publications. http://www. worldenergyoutlook. org/ publications/weo-2012/#d. en. 26099. (Accessed February 2013). 3. BP Energy Outlook 2030. BP Statistical Review. http://www. bp. com/ liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/globalbp_uk_english/reports_and_publications/sta tistical_energy_review_2011/STAGING/local_assets/pdf/2030_energy_outlook_boo klet. pdf. (Accessed February 2013). 3

The Silver Linings Playbook Chapter 35

Letter #6-December 13, 2006 Dear Pat, I'm sorry your childhood hero committed suicide. I'm sorry McNabb was injured. And I am especially sad to hear that your father is still allowing the results of football games to govern the relationships he has with his immediate family. Your poor, poor mother. Your decision to reveal your therapist's views regarding Tiffany made for an awkward phone conversation. It is obvious that Tiffany cares for you enough to put together this exchange of letters. I hope you will protect her legally by refraining from discussing the arrangement further with your therapist or anyone else. You do realize that by showing Cliff my letters, you have put me in a precarious legal position. I am not allowed to make contact with you by law, remember? So this will be my last letter. Sorry. Regarding Holden Caulfield and the gold ring Phoebe reaches for at the end of the novel, please don't think of me as your golden ring. I am your ex-wife. I wish you well, but your therapist was right to say we are incompatible. I can see clearly we are not moving toward closure, which makes me regret opening up this dialogue. My only hope is that someday – after you have stabilized your mental health – you will take comfort in the fact that I reached out to you after all that happened. I wish you well in this world, Pat. Goodbye. Nikki

Free Essays on Slaughterhous-Five

Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut is an anti-war book, focusing on what happened to one man during World War II and even includes some of Mr. Vonnegut’s experiences in Dresden during the war. There is only one character in this book, Billy Pilgrim. Possibly one of the least likely of any anti-war heroes, Billy is an optometrist before the war. When the U.S. joins the war, Billy is drafted. A scrawny person to begin with, his comical appearance is accentuated when he is given a uniform that doesn’t fit. Thrust into combat, he is quickly captured by the Germans during the Battle of the Bulge. He quickly experiences one of many trips he takes in time, seeing his entire life at one time. Transported by car to a POW camp in Dresden, he is even more comically adorned in a purple cape and silver boots. The town is soon under attack, and the Allies drop bombs on the small city, quickly killing thousands. The few survivors lived by staying in an air tight meat locker. Returning home, he marries an optometrist’s daughter, sets up his own business, and lives a normal life, or so he thought. The night after his daughter’s wedding day, he is abducted by strange aliens from the planet Tralfamador, who kidnap him and explain their way of life. He is forced to mate with a film star in a museum. The aliens tell him that they see all of life at once on a fourth dimension, and know when everything begins and ends. Their view of life is different, as the know that death is just one moment for someone, the try to focus on the happy moments of that person’s life. When Billy returns to earth, he says nothing of his experiences. Instead, he goes on a plane to an optometry conference in Montreal. The plane crashes and everyone dies except him. As his wife drives frantically to the hospital, the exhaust pipe falls off and she dies from carbon monoxide poisoning. His daughter put him in a home, and he snuck off to New York, where he told ... Free Essays on Slaughterhous-Five Free Essays on Slaughterhous-Five Slaughterhouse-Five by Kurt Vonnegut is an anti-war book, focusing on what happened to one man during World War II and even includes some of Mr. Vonnegut’s experiences in Dresden during the war. There is only one character in this book, Billy Pilgrim. Possibly one of the least likely of any anti-war heroes, Billy is an optometrist before the war. When the U.S. joins the war, Billy is drafted. A scrawny person to begin with, his comical appearance is accentuated when he is given a uniform that doesn’t fit. Thrust into combat, he is quickly captured by the Germans during the Battle of the Bulge. He quickly experiences one of many trips he takes in time, seeing his entire life at one time. Transported by car to a POW camp in Dresden, he is even more comically adorned in a purple cape and silver boots. The town is soon under attack, and the Allies drop bombs on the small city, quickly killing thousands. The few survivors lived by staying in an air tight meat locker. Returning home, he marries an optometrist’s daughter, sets up his own business, and lives a normal life, or so he thought. The night after his daughter’s wedding day, he is abducted by strange aliens from the planet Tralfamador, who kidnap him and explain their way of life. He is forced to mate with a film star in a museum. The aliens tell him that they see all of life at once on a fourth dimension, and know when everything begins and ends. Their view of life is different, as the know that death is just one moment for someone, the try to focus on the happy moments of that person’s life. When Billy returns to earth, he says nothing of his experiences. Instead, he goes on a plane to an optometry conference in Montreal. The plane crashes and everyone dies except him. As his wife drives frantically to the hospital, the exhaust pipe falls off and she dies from carbon monoxide poisoning. His daughter put him in a home, and he snuck off to New York, where he told ...

Auditor Crazy Eddie

Auditor Crazy Eddie Question: What specific mistakes (apart from failure to notice â€Å"red flags†) did the auditor make? For each mistake, describe what the auditor should have done. If you were the Managing Partner for the CPA firm and had full knowledge of all the facts and events in this case, what changes in policy or procedures would you implement to make sure this audit failure does not occur in the future? The Crazy Eddie’s financial statements had many fraudulent over and understatements done in many ways that the auditors should have caught. They created fictitious revenues by a number of means. They prepared phony invoices showing sales which overstated their revenues to show the company was growing faster than they actually were. Their vendors collaborated in the fraud by lying to the auditors when the auditors attempted to confirm some of these receivables. The auditors were not diligent when they verified these invoices. They should have probed further into the vendors to v erify that these sales occurred. They also should have understood the relationship between Cray Eddie’s and their vendors to understand if there were motives for fraud. They overstated their assets by overvaluing inventory. They would borrow merchandise from suppliers to inflate the ending inventory. The suppliers would ship the merchandise to the Crazy Eddie’s stores and hold the billing until after the end of the accounting period. The employees of Crazy Eddie went to great extents to deceive the auditors. They would move inventory to the stores or warehouses that were being audited to conceal the shortages. The auditors should have caught that the merchandise was not billed and understood what accounts they charged in the books when the merchandise was received. Another means of overstating the inventory was they shipped inventory from one store to another store so it could be double counted. This should have been caught by the auditors by having the entire inventor y verified in parallel. The employees included in their inventory consigned merchandise and goods being returned to suppliers. This could have been found by understanding the details of Crazy Eddie’s inventory. The auditor should have identified the consigned merchandise and goods being return to separate it from the normal inventory. Crazy Eddie used the accounting periods to overstate assets and income. They held off closing the books past the end of the accounting period to overstated assets and income by boosting sales. The other means used was to reduce liabilities and expenses by not recording them until the next period. The auditors should have verified books at the end of the accounting periods to make sure that all transactions were recorded. The auditors needed to verify the transactions around the end of the period to verify their timing accuracy. Another category of fraudulent activities was when they were completing their financial statements. They didn’t adequately disclose facts in the financial statements according to GAAP. The footnote during one period stated that certain income was recognized when received and the following period disclosed that income was recognized when earned. The auditors should have added an explanatory paragraph or a modification of wording for lack of consistent application of GAAP.

Dealing with Violence at Work Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dealing with Violence at Work - Case Study Example From the information given by the author, organizations are able know the importance of creating a pleasant working environment. Furthermore, the seventh chapter shows some of the methods that are used to motivate the workers so that cases of violence can be minimized. The author says that rewarding of workers motivates them to work and hence the organization retaining them for a long time. The main topic of discussion in which the author talks about the ways of dealing with violence at work is in the eighth chapter of the book. This chapter, therefore, gives advice to managers on the most efficient techniques of dealing with the workers who appear to be violent. Apart from violence, there is the discussion on the different types of misbehavior that usually occur in organizations. For instance, there are misbehaviors like sexual harassment, fraud, incivility, bulling, substance abuse and sabotage. The actions that managers should take when they suspect that the employee might be viol ent at the work place should aim at assisting the potentially violent employee. One of the actions that managers should take is to make sure that such an employee gets a beneficial working environment. Creating an encouraging, working condition for an employee is an act that is likely to motivate the employee. This is because the employee will not feel isolated (Lies, 2008). For instance from the book, it is clear that some of the reasons why McDermott got violent was because he felt that he was being isolated from the job. If, in any case, this employer had the provision of a comfortable working condition then he most possibly would have not caused any chaos. The other action that managers should take when they spot an employee that appears to be violent is to act in a calm and professional manner. A calm approach on such an employee can help in changing their ill motives thereby not causing harm to the organization or the other workers. This calmness should, however, be depicted i n a professional manner. The other reason why managers should solve such a case in a professional manner is to make the violent employee to feel like the organization is desperate for him or her (Rogers and Chappell, 2003). For instance, the author says that the actions that the managers took or avoided could be the factors that might have prioritized McDermott’s actions. Managers should also take the revenge, problems at work and rage of their employees as a form of responsibility to them. When the management notices that an employee can become violent, they should take this as a task on their side and work toward changing the employees attitude. This is a way of considering the grievances of their employees hence drawing him or her closer and changing their attitude. If the management assumes this form of responsibility, then such an employee will feel insecure and may go ahead and cause harm to the organization and their fellow workers (Michaels, 2012). For instance, McDer mott financial problems had grown to be too much for him. This is due to the punishments imposed on him by the organization. If the organization considered McDermott woes, he would have not caused harm majorly because the feeling of isolation had been shattered. The other action that management can do when it spots an employee who is potentially violent is to investigate the person very carefully. The management should not confront such an employee before have enough proof against him or her. This can be